Precision Environmental Medicine @ National Taiwan University

◆ Clinical Research

- Pharmacoepidemiology and Outcomes Research

  • National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD): Lin LY, Warren-Gash C, Smeeth L, Chen PC. Data resource profile: the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Epidemiology and Health 2018; 40: e2018062.  https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018062
  • Chang Gung Research Database (CGRD): Tsai MS, Lin MH, Lee CP, Yang YH, Chen WC, Chen PC, Tsai YH. Chang Gung Research Database: A multi-institutional database consisting of original medical records. Biomedical Journal 2017 Oct; 40(5): 263-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2017.08.002
  • Case-crossover design: Lee CH, Wang JD, Chen PC, Health Data Analysis in Taiwan (hDATa) Research Group. Case-crossover design: an alternative strategy for detecting drug-induced liver injury. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2012 May; 65(5): 560-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.11.002
  • Uorthelial cancer: Wang SM, Lai MN, Chen PC, Wang JD. Increased risk of urothelial cancer in young and middle aged patients with end-stage renal disease. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2015 Jan; 114(1): 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2013.10.022
  • Urothelial cancer: Wang SM, Lai MN, Chen PC, Pu YS, Lai MK, Hwang JS, Wang JD. Increased upper and lower tract urothelial carcinoma in patients with end stage renal disease: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan during 1997-2008. BioMed Research International 2014 Jun; 2014: 149750. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/149750
  • ​Chinese medicine: Yang YH, Chen PC, Wang JD, Lee CH, Lai JN. Prescription pattern of traditional Chinese medicine for climacteric women in Taiwan. Climacteric 2009 Dec; 12(6): 541-547. https://doi.org/10.3109/13697130903060081
  • Chinese medicine: Lee CH, Wang JD, Chen PC. Case-crossover study of hospitalization for acute hepatitis in Chinese herb users. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2008 Oct; 23(10): 1549-1555. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05511.x
  • Chinese medicine: Lee CH, Wang JD, Chen PC. Risk of liver injury associated with Chinese herbal products containing Radix bupleuri in 639,779 patients with hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS ONE 2011 Jan; 6(1): e16064. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016064
  • Chinese medicine: Shih WT, Yang YH, Chen PC. Prescription patterns of Chinese herbal products for osteoporosis in Taiwan: A population-based study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 Oct; 2012: 752837. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/752837
  • Chinese medicine: Chen MC, Lai JN, Chen PC, Wang JD. Concurrent use of conventional drugs with Chinese herbal products in Taiwan: a population-based study. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2013 Oct; 3(4): 256‑262. https://doi.org/10.4103/2225-4110.119734
  • Chinese medicine: Chu SM, Shih WT, Yang YH, Chen PC, Chu YH. Use of traditional Chinese medicine in patients with hyperlipidemia: A population-based study in Taiwan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2015 Jun; 168: 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.047
  • Chinese medicine: Yang PR, Liang HF, Chu YH, Chen PC, Lin YY. Frequencies and prescription patterns of traditional Chinese medicine use among elderly patients in Taiwan: a population-based study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2015 Jul; 169: 328-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.046
  • Chinese medicine: Yang PR, Shih WT, Chu YH, Chen PC, Wu CY. Frequency and co-prescription pattern of Chinese herbal products for hypertension in Taiwan: a cohort study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 Jun; 15: 163. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0690-8
  • Chinese medicine: Wu CY, Cherng JY, Yang YH, Lin CL, Kuan FC, Lin YY, Lin YS, Shu LH, Cheng YC, Liu HT, Lu MC, Lung J, Chen PC, Lin HK, Lee KD, Tsai YH. Danshen improves survival of patients with advanced lung cancer and targeting the relationship between macrophages and lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017 Oct; 8(53): 90925-90947. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.18767
  • Chinese medicine: ​Liang HF, Yang YH, Chen PC, Kuo HC, Chang CH, Wang YH, Wu KM. Prescription patterns of traditional Chinese medicine amongst Taiwanese children: a population-based cohort study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 Jun; 18: 191. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2261-2
  • NSAIDs: Lee CH, Wang JD, Chen PC. Increased risk of hospitalization for acute hepatitis in patients with previous exposure to NSAIDs. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2010 Jul; 19(7): 708-714. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.1966
  • Zolpidem: Yang YH, Lai JN, Lee CH, Wang JD, Chen PC. Increased risk of hospitalization related to motor vehicle accidents among people taking zolpidem: a case-crossover study. Journal of Epidemiology 2011 Jan; 21(1): 37-43. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20090195
  • Statins: Tsan YT, Lee CH, Wang JD, Chen PC. Statins and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012 Feb; 30(6): 623-630. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.36.0917
  • Statins: Tsan YT, Lee CH, Ho WC, Lin MH, Wang JD, Chen PC. Statins and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2013 Apr; 31(12): 1514-1521. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.44.6831
  • Statins: Yang YH, Chen WC, Tsan YT, Chen MJ, Shih WT, Tsai YH, Chen PC. Statin use and the risk of cirrhosis development in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Hepatology 2015 Nov; 63(5): 1111-1117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.006
  • Statins: Chiu WC, Yang YH, Chen VCH, Chen PC. Statins and the risks of decompensated liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma determined in patients with alcohol use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2021 Nov; 228: 109096.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109096
  • Statins: Chen MJ, Tsan YT, Liou JM, Lee YC, Wu MS, Chiu HM, Wang HP, Chen PC. Statins and the risk of pancreatic cancer in type 2 diabetic patients – a population-based cohort study. International Journal of Cancer 2016 Feb; 138(3): 594-603. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29813
  • Statins: Hung MS, Chen IC, Lee CP, Huang RJ, Chen PC, Tsai YH, Yang YH. Statin improves survival in patients with EGFR-TKI lung cancer: A nationwide population-based study. PLoS ONE 2017 Feb; 12(2): e0171137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171137
  • Statins: Lin CM, Yang TM, Yang YH, Tsai YH, Lee CP, Chen PC, Chen WC, Hsieh MJ. Statin use and the risk of subsequent hospitalized exacerbations in COPD patients with frequent exacerbations. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2020 Feb; 15: 289-299. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S229047
  • Statins: Lin MH, Chiu SY, Chang PH, Lai YL, Chen PC, Ho WC. Hyperlipidemia and statins use for the risk of new diagnosed sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney: a population-based study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020 Mar; 17(5): 1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051494
  • Statins: Chen FJ, Yin MC, Chen PY, Lin MH, Peng YH, Ho WC, Chen PC, Hsu CY. Association between statin use and diabetes risk in patients with transient ischemic attack. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022 Oct; 19(21): 13770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113770
  • Aspirin: Hung MS, Chuang MC, Yang YH, Hsieh MJ, Lin YC, Yang TM, Chen PC. The association of aspirin use with overall survival of patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study. BMC Cancer 2021 Nov; 21: 1257.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08999-8
  • Metformin: Chuang MC, Yang YH, Tsai YH, Hsieh MJ, Lin YC, Lin CK, Chen PC, Yang TM. Survival benefit associated with metformin use in inoperable non-small cell lung cancer patients with diabetes: a population-based retrospective cohort study. PLoS ONE 2018 Jan; 13(1): e0191129. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191129
  • Metformin: Hung MS, Chuang MC, Chen YC, Lee CP, Yang TM, Chen PC, Tsai YH, Yang YH. Metformin prolongs survival in type 2 diabetes lung cancer patients with EGFR-TKIs. Integrative Cancer Therapies 2019 Aug; 18: 1534735419869491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735419869491
  • Thiazolidinediones: Chen SW, Tsan YT, Chen JD, Hsieh HI, Lee CH, Lin HH, Wang JD, Chen PC. Use of thiazolidinediones and the risk of colorectal cancer in patients with diabetes: A nationwide, population-based, case-control study. Diabetes Care 2013 Feb; 36(2): 369-375. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-2197
  • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor: Tseng YH, Tsan YT, Chan WC, Sheu WHH, Chen PC. Use of an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and the risk of colorectal cancer in patients with diabetes: a nationwide, population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care 2015 Nov; 38(11): 2068-2074. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0563
  • SGLT2 inhibitors: Dao TP, Lung WC, Yang YZ, Chu WM, Tsan YT, Chen HY, Chen PC, Ho WC. Cardiovascular outcomes of novel SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis of bexagliflozin, ertugliflozin and sotagliflozin. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2026 Jun; 236; 113282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113282
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: Lee HH, Tsan YT, Ho WC, Lin MH, Lee CH, Tseng CD, Guo YL, Wang JD, Chen PC. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors enhance the effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on breast cancer: a nationwide case-control study. Journal of Hypertension 2012 Dec; 30(12): 2432-2439. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328358d42f   
  • Antiestrogen: Hsieh CJ, Hong MK, Chen PC, Wang JH, Chu TY. Antiestrogen use reduces risk of cervical neoplasia in breast cancer patients: a population-based study. Oncotarget 2017 Apr; 8(17): 29361-29369. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.12957
  • Hormone therapy: Lai JN, Wu CT, Chen PC, Huang CS, Chow SN, Wang JD. Increased risk for invasive breast cancer associated with hormonal therapy: A nation-wide random sample of 65,723 women followed from 1997 to 2008. PLoS ONE 2011 Oct; 6(10): e25183. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025183
  • I-131 treatment: Lin CM, Yeh PT, Doyle P, Tsan YT, Chen PC, Health Data Analysis in Taiwan (hDATa) Research Group. Association between I-131 treatment for thyroid cancer and risk of receiving cataract surgery – a cohort study from Taiwan. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2016 Jun; 57(6): 836-841. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.115.167197
  • I-131 treatment: Lin CM, Doyle P, Tsan YT, Lee CH, Wang JD, Chen PC. 131I treatment for thyroid cancer and risk of developing primary hyperparathyroidism: a cohort study. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2014 Feb; 41(2): 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-013-2541-5
  • ​Antidepressant: Tsai CJ, Chiu WC, Chen CJ, Chen PC, McIntyre RS, Chen VC. Antidepressant prescription and risk of lung cancer: a nationwide case-control study. Pharmacopsychiatry 2019 Mar; 52(3): 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0596-0819
  • Urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: Huang CE, Yang YH, Chen WC, Huang KT, Chen PC, Tsai YH, Lin WY. Nephroureterectomy increase 5 year survival in patients on dialysis with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017;  Oct; 8(45): 79876-79883. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.20180
  • Androgen deprivation: Wu CT, Yang YH, Chen PC, Chen MF, Chen WC. Androgen deprivation increases the risk of fracture in prostate cancer patients: a population-based study in Chinese patients. Osteoporosis International 2015 Sep; 26(9): 2281-2290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3135-9
  • Head and neck cancer: Yang WH, Yang YH, Chen PC, Wang TC, Chen KJ, Cheng CY, Lai CH. Intracranial aneurysms formation after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: a 10-year nationwide follow-up study. BMC Cancer 2019 Jun; 19: 537. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5766-2
  • Oral cavity cancer: Chen WC, Lai CH, Fang CC, Yang YH, Chen PC, Lee CP, Chen MF. Identification of high-risk subgroups of patients with oral cavity cancer in need of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016 Jun; 95(22): e3770. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000003770
  • Tongue cancer: Tsai MS, Lai CH, Lee CP, Yang YH, Chen PC, Kang CJ, Chang GH, Tsai YT, Lu CH, Chien CY, Young CK, Fang KH, Liu CJ, Yeh RMA, Chen WC. Mortality in tongue cancer patients treated by curative surgery: a retrospective cohort study from CGRD. PeerJ 2016; 4: e2794. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2794e
  • Esophageal cancer: Chen MF, Yang YH, Lai CH, Chen PC, Chen WC. Outcome of patients with esophageal cancer: A nationwide analysis. Annals of Surgical Oncology 2013 Sep; 20(9): 3023-3030. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-013-2935-4
  • Kaposi’s sarcoma: Chang PJ, Yang YH, Chen PC, Chen LW, Wang SS, Shih YJ, Chen LY, Chen CJ, Hung CH, Lin CL. Diabetes and risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma: effects of high glucose on reactivation and infection of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Oncotarget 2017 Oct; 8(46): 80595-80611. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.19685
  • Lymphoma: Huang CE, Yang YH, Chen YY, Chang JJ, Chen KJ, Lu CH, Lee KD, Chen PC, Chen CC. The impact of hepatitis B virus infection and vaccination on the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2017 Oct; 24(10): 885-894. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.12713
  • Lung Cancer: Chiang XH, Wei CF, Lin CC, Lin MW, Chiang CJ, Lee WC, Chen JS, Chen PC. Segmentectomy versus wedge resection for stage IA lung adenocarcinoma – a population-based study. Cancers 2025 Mar; 17(6): 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17060936
  • Lung Cancer: Chiang XH, Chen CJ, Wei CF, Zheng YA, Lin CC, Lin MW, Chiang CJ, Lee WC, Chen JS, Chen PC. Sublobar resection versus lobectomy for small (<=3cm) NSCLC with visceral pleural invasion: a propensity score matched survival analysis from a nationwide cohort. Cancers 2025 Jun; 17(12): 1990. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17121990
  • Dementia: Chiu WC, Tsan YT, Tsai SL, Chang CJ, Wang JD, Chen PC. Hepatitis C viral infection and the risk of dementia. European Journal of Neurology 2014 Aug; 21(8): 1068-1077. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12317
  • Dementia: Chiu WC, Ho WC, Lin MH, Lee HH, Yeh YC, Wang JD, Chen PC. Angiotension receptor blockers reduce the risk of dementia. Journal of Hypertension 2014 Apr; 32(4): 938-947. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000086
  • Dementia: Chiu WC, Ho WC, Liao DL, Lin MH, Chiu CC, Su YP, Chen PC, Health Data Analysis in Taiwan (hDATa) Research Group. Progress of diabetic severity and risk of dementia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2015 Aug; 100(8): 2899-2908. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-1677
  • Dementia: Wu CK, Yang YH, Lin TT, Tsai CT, Hwang JJ, Lin JL, Chen PC, Chiang FT, Lin LY. Statin use reduces the risk of dementia in elderly patients: a nationwide data survey and propensity analysis. Journal of Internal Medicine 2015 Mar; 277(3): 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12262
  • Depression: Cheng BH, Chen PC, Yang YH, Lee CP, Huang KE, Chen VC. Effects of depression and antidepressant medications on hip fracture: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Medicine 2016 Sep; 95(36): e4655. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004655
  • Depression: Lee HC, Chiu WC, Wang TN, Liao YT, Chien IC, Lee Y, McIntyre RS, Chen PC, Chen VC. Antidepressants and colorectal cancer: a population-based nested case-control study. Journal of Affective Disorders 2017 Jan; 207: 353-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.057
  • Depression: Chen CY, Yang YH, Lee CP, Wang TY, Cheng BH, Huang YC, Chen PC, Liang SHY, Dewey M, Chen VC. Risk of depression following uterine cancer: a nationwide population-based study. Psycho-Oncology 2017 Nov; 26(11): 1770-1776. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4360
  • Depression: Hung MS, Chen IC, Lee CP, Huang RJ, Chen PC, Tsai YH, Yang YH. Incidence and risk factors of depression after diagnosis of lung cancer: A nationwide population-based study. Medicine 2017 May; 96(19): e6864. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000006864
  • Depression: Chen VC, Ng MH, Chiu WC, McIntyre RS, Lee Y, Lin TY, Weng JC, Chen PC, Hsu CY. Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on glaucoma: A nationwide population-based study. PLoS ONE 2017 Mar; 12(3): e0173005. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173005
  • Depression: Chiu WC, Su YP, Su KP, Chen PC. Recurrence of depressive disorders after interferon-induced depression. Translational Psychiatry 2017 Feb; 7(2): e1026. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.274
  • Depression: Sun CF, Chiu WC, Chen PC, Chang HC, Guu TW, Shityakov S, Miller AH, Felger JC, Chang JPC, Su KP. Depression-free after interferon-α exposure indicates less incidence of depressive disorder: a longitudinal study in Taiwan. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2020 Aug; 88: 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.044
  • Depression: Chen SF, Chien YH, Chen PC, Wang IJ. Association of age with risk of major depression among patients with chronic kidney disease over midlife: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan. International Psychogeriatrics 2019 Aug; 31(8): 1171-1179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218001576
  • Depression: Chen ACC, Huang KL, Chen HM, Chen PC, Chen VCH, Chiu WC. Antidepressants and the risk of myocardial infarction among patients with diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders 2021 Nov; 294: 109-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.078
  • Mental health: Shan JC, Yeh YC, Chiu WC, Tsai CH, Chen PC, Chang CJ. Community mental health service use in middle- and old-aged adults with severe mental illnesses in Taiwan: A preliminary descriptive analysis from 2002 to 2013. Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry (Taipei) 2018 Mar; 32(1): 39-51. Article
  • Methadone: Liao DL, Chen PC, Chen CH, Hsieh CJ, Huang YF, Shih WY, Cheng JJ. Higher methadone doses are associated with lower mortality in patients of opioid dependence in Taiwan. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2013 Oct; 47(10): 1530-1534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.001
  • Methadone: Liao DL, Huang CY, Hu S, Fang SC, Wu CS, Chen WT, Lee TSH, Chen PC, Li CSR. Cognitive control in opioid dependence and methadone maintenance treatment. PLoS ONE 2014 Apr; 9(4): e94589. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094589
  • Methadone: Liao DL, Chen PC. Infections and liver function in methadone maintenance patients. Taiwan Journal of Forensic Medicine 2014 Jun; 6(1): 17-22. https://doi.org/10.6134/tjfm.2014.0601.02
  • Traumatic brain injury: Yang WH, Chen PC, Wang TC, Kuo TY, Cheng CY, Yang YH. Endocrine dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: a 5-year follow-up nationwide-based study. Scientific Reports 2016 Sep; 6: 32987. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32987
  • Osteoporosis: Chan KC, Tsai YT, Yang YH, Chen PC, Chang PH. Osteoporosis is associated with increased risk for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: a nationwide population-based study. Archives of Osteoporosis 2017 Dec; 12: 106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-017-0403-7
  • Interferon-ribavirin therapy: Lai CH, Yang YH, Chen PC, King YC, Liu CY. Retinal vascular complications associated with interferon-ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C: a population-based study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2018 Feb; 27(2): 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4363
  • Out of hospital cardiac arrest: Chen YC, Hung MS, Chang CH, Liu CY, Chen PC, Hsiao CT, Yang YH. Major interventions are associated with survival of out of hospital cardiac arrest patients – a population based survey. Signa Vitae 2017 Nov; 13(2): 108-115. https://doi.org/10.22514/SV132.112017.17
  • Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Tsai YT, Fang KH, Yang YH, Lin MH, Chen PC, Tsai MS, Hsu CM. Risk of developing sudden sensorineural hearing loss in patients with hepatitis B virus infection: A population-based study. Ear Nose & Throat Journal 2018 Oct-Nov; 97(10-11): E19-E27. PubMed
  • Valproic acid: Kuo YJ, Yang YH, Lee IY, Chen PC, Yang JT, Wang TC, Lin MHC, Yang WH, Cheng CY, Chen KT, Huang WC, Lee MH. Effect of valproic acid on overall survival in patients with high-grade gliomas undergoing temozolomide: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Medicine 2020; 99(28): e21147. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000021147
  • Erectile dysfunction: Hung MS, Chen YC, Huang TY, Ho DR, Lee CP, Chen PC, Yang YH. Erectile dysfunction after surgical treatment of lung cancer: real-world evidence. Clinical Epidemiology 2020 Sep; 12: 977-987. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S264439
  • Oophorectomy: Chen CY, Wang TY, Chen WM, Chen KH, Yang YH, Chen PC, Chen VCH. Bilateral oophorectomy and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in women with hepatitis C: a population-based study. Maturitas 2021 Apr; 146: 11-17.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.12.006

- Internal Medicine

  • Hemodialysis: Lin CY, Lin LY, Chen PC. Analysis of T-wave morphology from the 12-lead electrocardiogram for prediction of long-term prognosis in patients initiating haemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007 Sep; 22(9): 2645-2652. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfm238
  • Hemodialysis: Kao TW, Chen PC, Hsieh CJ, Chiang HW, Tsang LY, Yang IF, Tsai TJ, Chen WY. Correlations between spiritual beliefs and health-related quality of life of chronic hemodialysis patients in Taiwan. Artificial Organs 2009 Jul; 33(7): 576-579. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1525-1594.2009.00739.x
  • Hemodialysis: Kao TW, Huang JW, Hung KY, Chang YY, Chen PC, Yen CJ, Chen YM, Chu TS, Wu MS, Tsai TJ, Wu KD, Wang JD. Life expectancy, expected years of life lost and survival of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Journal of Nephrology 2010 Nov-Dec; 23(6): 677-682. PubMed
  • Hemodialysis: Kao TW, Chang YY, Chen PC, Hsu CC, Chang YK, Chang YH, Lee LJH, Wu KD, Tsai TJ, Wang JD. Lifetime costs for peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis in patients in Taiwan. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2013 Nov-Dec; 33(6): 671-678. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2012.00081
  • Hemodialysis: Wu CF, Lee YF, Lee WJ, Su CT, Lee LJH, Wu KD, Chen PC, Kao TW. Severe aortic arch calcification predicts mortality in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2017 May; 116(5): 366-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2016.06.006
  • Hemodialysis: Tsai HB, Chen PC, Liu CH, Hung PH, Chen MT, Chiang CK, Kao JH, Hung KY. Association of hepatitis C virus infection and malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012 Mar; 27(3): 1176-1183. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr458
  • Cardiovascular disease: Lin CY, Chen PC, Kuo HK, Lin LY, Lin JW, Hwang JJ. Effects of obesity, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness on blood pressure, inflammation, and insulin resistance in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 1999–2002. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 2010 Dec; 20(10): 713-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2009.06.005
  • Cardiovascular disease: Juang JMJ, Phan WL, Chen PC, Lai LP, Tsai MH, Lin JW, Cheng PH, Chiu WY, Cheng BW, Hwang JJ, Tseng CD, Hsu KL, Tseng YZ, Lin JL, Chiang FT. Brugada-type electrocardiogram in the Taiwanese population – Is it a risk factor for sudden death? Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2011 Apr; 110(4): 230-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(11)60035-1
  • Cardiovascular disease: Lin LY, Lee CH, Yu CC, Tsai CT, Lai LP, Hwang JJ, Chen PC, Lin JL. Risk factors and incidence of ischemic stroke in Taiwanese with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation – a nation wide database analysis. Atherosclerosis 2011 Jul; 217(1): 292-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.033
  • Cardiovascular disease: Lin LY, Chen JJ, Lee CH, Hwang JJ, Liau CS, Chen PC, Lin JL. Incidence and predictors of sudden death in patients having myocardial infarction – A population-based investigation in Taiwanese. [Letter to the Editor] International Journal of Cardiology 2012 Jun; 157(3): 439-440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.012
  • Cardiovascular disease: Liao MT, Lin LY, Yang YH, Lin TT, Lin JL, Chen PC, Tsai CT. ACEI and ARB did not reduce the incidence of dementia in patients with atrial fibrillation: A nationwide cohort study. Acta Cardiologica Sinica 2013 Jul; 29(4): 323-327. PubMed
  • Cardiovascular disease: Wu CK, Huang YT, Lee JK, Juang JMJ, Tsai CT, Lai LP, Hwang JJ, Chiang FT, Lin JL, Chen PC, Lin LY. Anti-anxiety drugs use and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction: A national wide assessment. Atherosclerosis 2014 Aug; 235(2): 496-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.918
  • Cardiovascular disease: Chen JJ, Lin LY, Yang YH, Hwang JJ, Chen PC, Lin JL. Anti-platelet or anti-coagulant agent for the prevention of ischemic stroke in patients with end-stage renal disease and atrial fibrillation – A nation-wide database analyses. International Journal of Cardiology 2014 Dec; 177(3): 1008-1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.09.140
  • Cardiovascular disease: Wu CK, Yang YH, Juang JM, Wang YC, Tsai CT, Lai LP, Hwang JJ, Chiang FT, Chen PC, Lin JL, Lin LY. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition or angiotensin receptor blockade in dialysis patients: A nationwide data survey and propensity analysis. Medicine 2015 Jan; 94(3): e424. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000424
  • Cardiovascular disease: Lin TT, Yang YH, Liao MT, Tsai CT, Hwang JJ, Chiang FT, Chen PC, Lin JL, Lin LY. Primary prevention of atrial fibrillation with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis. Kidney International 2015 Aug; 88(2): 378-385. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2015.96
  • Cardiovascular disease: Ho LT, Lin LY, Yang YH, Wu CK, Juang JMJ, Wang YC, Tsai CT, Lai LP, Hwang JJ, Chiang FT, Lin JL, Chen PC. Statin therapy lowers the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with end-stage renal disease. International Journal of Cardiology 2015 Dec; 201: 538-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.040
  • Cardiovascular disease: Chung YW, Yang YH, Wu CK, Yu CC, Juang JMJ, Wang YC, Tsai CT, Lin LY, Lai LP, Hwang JJ, Chiang FT, Chen PC, Lin JL. Spironolactone is associated with reduced risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients receiving renal replacement therapy. International Journal of Cardiology 2016 Jan; 202: 962-966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.167
  • Cardiovascular disease: Lin TT, Wu CC, Yang YH, Lin LY, Lin JL, Chen PC, Hwang JJ. Anti-hyperglycemic agents and new-onset acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis. PLoS ONE 2016 Aug; 11(8): e0160436. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160436
  • Cardiovascular disease: Chen JJ, Lin LY, Yang YH, Hwang JJ, Chen PC, Lin JL, Chi NH. On pump versus off pump coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with end-stage renal disease and coronary artery disease – A nation-wide, propensity score matched database analyses. International Journal of Cardiology 2017 Jan; 227: 529-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.108
  • Cardiovascular disease: Lin TT, Wu CK, Liao MT, Yang YH, Chen PC, Yeih DF, Lin LY. Primary prevention of myocardial infarction with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertensive patients with rheumatoid arthritis – A nationwide cohort study. PLoS ONE 2017 Dec; 12(12): e0188720. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188720
  • Cardiovascular disease: Huang CY, Lin TT, Yang YH, Lin LY, Tsai CT, Hwang JJ, Chen PC, Lin JL. Effect of statin therapy on the prevention of new-onset acute coronary syndrome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. International Journal of Cardiology 2018 Feb; 253: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.11.009
  • Cardiovascular disease: Huang CY, Yang YH, Lin LY, Tsai CT, Hwang JJ, Chen PC, Lin JL. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade reduces atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2018 Aug; 104(15): 1276-1283.  https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312573
  • Cardiovascular disease: Chen ZW, Wu CK, Yang YH, Huang JW, Wu VC, Lee JK, Chen PC, Lin YH, Lin LY. Efficacy of antiplatelet agent usage for primary and secondary prevention in dialysis patients: A nation-wide data survey and propensity analysis. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 2019 Aug; 33(4): 471-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-019-06882-0
  • Cardiovascular disease: Chiang JY, Chen PC, Yang YH, Chang CH, Chu FY, Chen JJ, Wu CK, Hwang JJ, Chiang FT, Lin LY, Lin JL. Digoxin-amiodarone combination is associated with excess all-cause mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. Scientific Reports 2020 Mar; 10: 4101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61065-4
  • Cardiovascular disease: Lu CL, Lin CY, Lin LY, Chen PC, Zheng CM, Lu KC, Yeih DF. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease events with renin-angiotensin system blockade in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease dialysis patients: A nationwide cohort study. Medicine 2021 Jul; 100(26): e26559. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000026559
  • STEMI: Ting MJ, Hsieh CC, Fan CM, Sim SS, Jaw FS, Chen PC. Machine learning‐enhanced hypoxia‐age‐shock index for predicting mortality in adult patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI: A retrospective single‐center cohort study. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 2025 Oct; 32(5): e70047. https://doi.org/10.1002/hkj2.70047
  • STEMI: Ting MJ, Hsieh CC, Yang HY, Jaw FS, Chen PC. Integration of nitrogen oxides into a triage-based index for predicting adverse outcomes in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients. Journal of Emergency Medicine 2026 Feb; 81: 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2025.12.002
  • Diabetes: Wang JL, Dong YH, Ko WC, Chang CH, Wu LC, Chuang LM, Chen PC. Thiazolidinediones and reduced risk of incident bacterial abscess in adults with type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2018 Dec; 20(12): 2811-2820. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13461
  • Diabetes: Lin YH, Chen KJ, Peng YS, Chen PC, Yang YH. Type 1 diabetes impairs female fertility even before it is diagnosed. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2018 Sep; 143: 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.07.010
  • Diabetes: Tseng YH, Tsan YT, Chen PC. Association between severity of diabetic complications and risk of cancer in middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 2025 Jan; 16(1): 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.14364
  • Sepsis: Hsieh MS, How CK, Hsieh VCR, Chen PC. Preadmission antihypertensive drug use and sepsis outcome: impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Shock 2020 Apr; 53(4): 407-415. [Editor’s Choice] https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000001382
  • Sepsis: Hsieh MS, Hu SY, How CK, Seak CJ, Hsieh VCR, Lin JW, Chen PC. Hospital outcomes and cumulative burden from complications in type 2 diabetic sepsis patients: a cohort study using administrative and hospital-based databases. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2019 Sep; 10: 2042018819875406.  https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018819875406
  • Sepsis: Chang CM, Hsieh MS, Yang CJ, How CK, Chen PC, Meng YH. Effects of empiric antibiotic treatment based on hospital cumulative antibiograms in sepsis patients with bacteremia: A retrospective cohort study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2023 Jun; 29(6): 765-771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2023.01.004
  • COPD and asthma: Su VY, Yang KY, Yang YH, Tsai YH, Perng DW, Su WJ, Chou KT, Su KC, Yen YF, Chen PC. Use of ICS/LABA combinations or LAMA is associated with a lower risk of acute exacerbation in patients with coexistent COPD and asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 2018 Nov-Dec; 6(6): 1927-1935.e3.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2018.01.035
  • COPD and heart failure: Su VY, Yang YH, Perng DW, Tsai YH, Chou KT, Su KC, Su WJ, Chen PC, Yang KY. Real-world effectiveness of medications on survival in patients with COPD-heart failure overlap. Aging-US 2019 Jun; 11(11): 3650-3667. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102004
  • Inflammatory bowel disease: Wei SC, Lin MH, Tung CC, Weng MT, Kuo JS, Shieh MJ, Wang CY, Ho WC, Wong JM, Chen PC. A nationwide population-based study of the inflammatory bowel diseases between 1998 and 2008 in Taiwan. BMC Gastroenterology 2013 Dec; 13: 166. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-13-166
  • Rehabilitation: Chen CM, Yang YH, Chang CH, Chen PC. Effects of transferring to the rehabilitation ward on long-term mortality rate of first-time stroke survivors: a population-based study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2017 Dec; 98(12): 2399-2407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2017.03.020

- Pediatrics

  • Toxoplasmosis: Hu IJ, Chen PC, Su FC, Hsieh CJ, Jeng SF, Liao HF, Su YN, Lin SJ, Hsieh WS. Perinatal toxoplasmosis, northern Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006 Sep; 12(9): 1460-1461. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1209.060033
  • Cytomegalovirus: Chen MH, Chen PC, Jeng SF, Hsieh CJ, Su FC, Liao HF, Su YN, Lin SJ, Hsieh WS. High perinatal seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus in northern Taiwan. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2008 Apr; 44(4): 166-169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01215.x
  • Chorioamnionitis: PC, Hung YL, Shen CM, Chen PC, Hsieh WS. Histological chorioamnionitis and its impact on respiratory outcome in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants. Pediatrics and Neonatology 2021 May; 62(3): 258-264.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.11.009
  • Infectious diseases: Yang TO, Huang WT, Chen MH, Chen PC. Seasonal synchrony in incidences of common infectious diagnoses in early childhood among neighbouring regions. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2014 Nov; 28: 214-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.06.015
  • Infectious diseases: Yang TO, Huang WT, Chen MH, Chen PC. Diagnostic uncertainty of herpangina and hand-foot-and-mouth disease and its impact on national enterovirus syndromic monitoring. Epidemiology and Infection 2016 May; 144(7): 1512-1519. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268815002988
  • Infectious diseases: Yang TYO, Huang WT, Chen MH, Huang KYA, Chen PC. Sex differences in common childhood infections in Taiwan. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2018 Oct; 75: 115-117.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.08.014
  • Infectious diseases: Yang TO, Huang KYA, Chen MH, Chen PC, Huang WT. Comparison of nonpolio enteroviruses in children with herpangina and with hand, foot, and mouth disease in Taiwan. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2019 Sep; 38(9): 887-893. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002351
  • Neurodevelopment: Kuo YL, Liao HF, Chen PC, Hsieh WS, Hwang AW. The influence of wakeful prone positioning on motor development during the early life. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2008 Oct; 29(5): 367-376. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181856d54
  • Neurodevelopment: Hsieh YH, Hwang AW, Liao HF, Chen PC, Hsieh WS, Chu PY. Psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the home environment measure for motor development. Disability and Rehabilitation 2011 Dec; 33(25-26): 2454-2463. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2011.574775
  • Neurodevelopment: Wang PJ, Hwang AW, Liao HF, Chen PC, Hsieh WS. The stability of mastery motivation and its relationship with home environment in infants and toddlers. Infant Behavior and Development 2011 Jun; 34(3): 434-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.04.005
  • Neurodevelopment: Hwang AW, Liao HF, Chen PC, Hsieh WS, Simeonsson RJ, Weng LJ, Su YN. Applying the ICF-CY framework to examine biological and environmental factors in early childhood development. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2014 May; 113(5): 303-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2011.10.004
  • Child behavior: Wu YT, Chen WJ, Hsieh WS, Chen PC, Liao HF, Su YN, Jeng SF. Maternal-reported behavioral and emotional problems in Taiwanese preschool children. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2012; May/Jun;33(3):866-873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.11.018
  • Atopic dermatitis: Wang IJ, Hsieh WS, Guo YL, Jee SH, Hsieh CJ, Hwang YH, Chen PC. Neuro-mediators as predictors of paediatric atopic dermatitis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2008 Aug; 38(8): 1302-1308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03026.x
  • Atopic dermatitis: Wang IJ, Lin TJ, Kuo CF, Lin SL, Lee YL, Chen PC. Filaggrin polymorphism P478S, IgE level, and atopic phenotypes. British Journal of Dermatology 2011 Apr; 164(4): 791-796. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10212.x
  • Atopic dermatitis: Su KW, Chen PC, Wang IJ. Cord blood soluble Fas ligand and pediatric atopic dermatitis. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 2011 Sep/Oct; 32(5): 366-371. https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2011.32.3468
  • Atopic dermatitis: Wang IJ, Huang LM, Guo YL, Hsieh WS, Lin TJ, Chen PC. Haemophilus influenzae type b combination vaccines and atopic disorders: a prospective cohort study. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2012 Dec; 111(12): 711-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2011.09.022
  • Atopic dermatitis: Lin MH, Hsieh CJ, Caffrey JL, Lin YS, Wang IJ, Ho WC, Chen PC, Wu TN, Lin RS. Fetal growth, obesity, and atopic disorders in adolescence: a retrospective birth cohort study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2015 Sep; 29(5): 472-479. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12215
  • Asthma: Ho WC, Lin YS, Caffrey JL, Lin MH, Hsu HT, Myers L, Chen PC, Lin RS. Higher body mass index may induce asthma among adolescents with pre-asthmatic symptoms: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2011 Jul; 11: 542. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-542
  • Asthma: Lu FL, Hsieh CJ, Caffrey JL, Lin MH, Lin YS, Lin CC, Tsai MS, Ho WC, Chen PC, Sung FC, Lin RS. Body mass index may modify asthma prevalence among low-birth-weight children. American Journal of Epidemiology 2012 Jul; 176(1): 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr484
  • Asthma: Huang CC, Chiang TL, Chen PC, Lin SJ, Wen HJ, Guo LY. Risk factors for asthma occurrence in children with early-onset atopic dermatitis: an 8-year follow-up study. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2018 March; 29(2): 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12835
  • Wheezing: Lin MH, Caffrey JL, Lin YS, Chen PC, Lin CC, Ho WC, Wu TN, Lin RS. Low birth weight and environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of wheezing in adolescents: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2014 Jul; 14: 688. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-688
  • Obesity: Chen YC, Chen PC, Hsieh WS, Portnov BA, Chen YA, Lee YL. Environmental factors associated with overweight and obesity in Taiwanese children. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2012 Nov; 26(6): 561-571. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12001
  • Obesity: Chen YC, Tu YK, Huang KC, Chen PC, Chu DC, Lee YL. Pathway from central obesity to childhood asthma: physical fitness and sedentary time are leading factors. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2014 May; 189(10): 1194-1203. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201401-0097OC
  • Growth trajectories: Chen YC, Liou TH, Chen PC, Chiang BL, Yang YH, Fan HY, Lee YL. Growth trajectories and asthma/rhinitis in children: a longitudinal study in Taiwan. European Respiratory Journal 2017 Jan; 49 (1): 1600741. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00741-2016
  • Kawasaki disease: Wei CF, Chen MH, Lin CC, Tsai MS, Guo YL, Lin SJ, Wu MH, Hsieh WS, Chen PC. Association between Cesarean section delivery and increased risk of childhood Kawasaki disease. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2024 Aug; 123(8): 843-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2023.12.006
  • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Yu HH, Chen PC, Wang LC, Lee JH, Lin YT, Yang YH, Lin CP, Chiang BL. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis: A nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. PLoS ONE 2013 Aug; 8(8): e70625. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070625
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus: Yu HH, Chen PC, Yang YH, Wang LC, Lee JH, Lin YT, Chiang BL. Statin reduces mortality and morbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with hyperlipidemia: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Atherosclerosis 2015 Nov; 243(1): 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.08.030
  • Childhood cancer: Yang TO, Liu YL, Huang WT, Chen MH, Chen PC. Specific and non-specific clinical presentations in the year before the diagnosis of childhood leukaemia. Pediatric Blood and Cancer 2016 Aug; 63(8): 1387-1393.  https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.26029
  • Childhood cancer: Yang TO, Huang WT, Chen MH, Huang KYA, Chen PC. Childhood cancer, type 1 diabetes, and other immune diseases: Healthcare visits in the year before diagnosis in Taiwan. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2017 Jul; 102(7): 629-633. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-311762
  • Childhood cancer: Yang TYO, Huang KYA, Chen MH, Chen PC, Huang WT. Time-dependent associations between presentation-based infections and subsequent risk of childhood immune cell malignancies. Cancer Epidemiology 2020 Aug; 67: 101767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2020.101767